1. Walter Weyl, The New Democracy ( New York, 1914), 1.
2. Harold U. Faulkner, The Decline of Laissez Faire, 1897-1917 ( Evanston,
Ill., and London, 1951); Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877‐
1920 ( New York, 1967); Henry F. May, The End of American Innocence:
A Study of the First Years of Our Own Time, 1912-1917 ( Chicago, 1964); Otis L. Graham, "America at the Turn of the Century," in
Graham, ed., Perspectives on Twentieth Century America ( New York and Toronto, 1973), 4; B. Lee and
R. Reinders, "The Loss of Innocence: 1880-1914,"
in
M. Bradbury and
H. Temperley, eds., Introduction to American Studies ( Harlow, Essex, 1981). May also described the period as "pre-revolutionary or early revolutionary."
3. Adams to
Charles Milner Gaskell, 29 March 1900, in
Worthington Chauncey Ford
, ed., Letters of Henry Adams (1892-1918) ( Boston and New York, 1938), 279.
4. Samuel P. Hays, The Response to Industrialism ( Chicago and London, 1957), 50; J. A. Thompson, Progressivism ( South Shields, England, 1979), 8.
5. For immigration figures see Maldwyn A. Jones, Destination America
( London, 1976), 12, 16, 17.
6. Frederic L. Paxson, American Democracy and the World War: Pre-war
Years 1913-1917 ( 1936; New York, 1966), 59.
7. John B. Rae, The American Automobile: A Brief History ( Chicago, 1965), 33; Keith Sward, The Legend of Henry Ford ( 1948, New York, 1972), 33.
8. John G. Clark et al., Three Generations in Twentieth Century America:
Family, Community, and Nation ( Homewood, III., 1977), 72-73; Charles N. Glabb
and
Theodore Brown, A History of Urban America ( New York, 1967), 133.
9. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle ( Middlesex, England, 1965), 32-33, 34.
10. Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie ( Middlesex, England, 1981), 16, 23, 489; Carl Sandburg, "Chicago," Poetry 3 ( March 1914).
11. Sward, The Legend of Henry Ford, 51-54; George E. Mowry, The Era of
Theodore Roosevelt, 1900-1912 ( New York, 1962), 3; Clark, Three Generations in Twentieth Century America, 68; Alan Valentine, 1913: America
between Two Worlds ( New York, 1962), 163.
12. Mark Sullivan, Our Times: The United States 1900-1925: Volume III
Prewar America ( New York and London, 1930), 342; Faulkner, Decline
of Laissez Faire, 30-31; Clark, Three Generations, 68.
13. Sinclair, The Jungle, 98-99, 248-49.
14. Roland Berthoff, An Unsettled People: Social Order and Disorder in
American History ( New York, Evanston, Ill., and London, 1971), 398-99.
15. Dreiser, Sister Carrie, 39.
16. Leo Wolman, The Growth of American Trade Unions, 1880-1923 ( New
York, 1924),
33-34.
17. The conclusions of the Commission on Industrial Relations are in Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence 1910-15: The Activities
and Findings of the United States Commission on Industrial Relations
( New York and London, 1966), 204-18; see also Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Violence and Reform in American History ( New York and London,
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