A hardcover edition of this book was first published in 1991 by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Ltd. A hardcover edition was also pub- lished in 1991 by HarperCollins Publishers. It is here reprinted by arrangement with Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Ltd. THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE. Copyright © 1991 by Roland Oliver. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022. HarperCollins books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. For information please write: Special Markets Department, HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Oliver, Roland Anthony. The African experience / by Roland Oliver. -- 1st U.S. ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-06-430218-0 1. Africa--History. I. Title. DT20.O385 1992 960--dc20 91-57950 98 99 HC 15 14 13 12 11 10 -iv- |