ability and helping teachers promote a mastery orientation may be the
best ways to improve teachers' own sense of efficacy, thus allowing
them to reach more students.

We thank the principals, teachers, and students in the cooperating
school districts for allowing us to work with them. We also acknowl-
edge the contributions of our colleagues Jacquelynne Eccles, Phyllis
Blumenfeld, Carol Freedman-Doan, and Kwang Suk Yoon to the
project described in this chapter.

Alexander K., & Entwisle D. ( 1988). "Achievement in the first two years of school:
Patterns and processes". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,
53 ( 2, Serial No. 218).

Ames C. ( 1990, April). Achievement goals and classroom structure: Developing a learning
orientation in students. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational
Research Association, Boston.

Ashton P. T. ( 1985). "Motivation and the teachers' sense of efficacy". In C. Ames & R. Ames
(Eds.), Research on motivation in education (Vol. 2, pp. 141 - 174 ). Orlando, FL:
Academic Press.

Ashton P. T., & Webb R. B. ( 1986). Making a difference: Teachers' sense of efficacy and
student achievement. New York: Longman.

Blumenfeld P., Pintrich P., Meece J., & Wessels K. ( 1982). "The formation and role of
self-perceptions of ability in elementary school classrooms". Elementary School Jour-
nal, 82,401-420.

Brattesani K A., Weinstein R. S., & Marshall H. H. ( 1984). "Student perceptions of
differential teacher treatments as moderators of teacher expectation effects". Journal
of Educational Psychology, 76, 236 - 247.

Braun C. ( 1976). "Teacher expectation: Sociopsychological dynamics". Review of Educa-
tional Research, 46, 185 - 213.

Brophy J. E. ( 1983). "Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy and teacher expectations".
Journal of Educational Psychology, 75,631-661.

Brophy J. E. ( 1985). "Teacher-student interaction". In J. B. Dusek (Ed.), Teacher expect-
ancies (pp. 303 - 328 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Brophy J. E. ( 1987). "Socializing students' motivation to learn". In M. Maehr & D. Kleiber
(Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 5, pp. 181 - 210 ). Greenwich, CT:
JAI Press.

Brophy J. E., & Good T. ( 1970). "Teachers' communication of differential expectations
for children's classroom performance: Some behavioral data". Journal of Educational
Psychology, 61,365-374.

Brophy J. E., & Good T. ( 1974). Teacher-student relationships: Causes and conse-
quences. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Bruininks R. H. ( 1977). "Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Skills manual".
Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

-117-