THE decision to recall the troops from Salerno was taken,
according to De Sivo, iv. 39, and Franci, i. 113, not earlier
than the evening of September 5, and in consequence of the
complaints of Marshal Rivera ¹ at Salerno to the effect that
Garibaldi 'would assail him the next day, and he was afraid of
being captured in his bed.' This is valuable as indicating that
Marshal Rivera's complaints of the situation at Salerno influ-
enced the decision at Naples. But the hour is not perhaps
quite accurate. The telegram (printed in Monnier, 272) from
the commander-in-chief in Naples to Marshal Rivera, ordering
him to retreat from Salerno, is dated 'Naples, 2 a.m.' (presum-
ably September 5); whether the hour of this important telegram
is correctly printed or not, it is certain the actual retreat was
begun in time for the Garibaldini to hear news of it 'whilst at
dinner at Auletta on the 5th' ( Forbes, 227, and Peard's
Journal sub September 5 and 6).

It appears therefore that the final decision to abandon
Naples and to withdraw Rivera from Salerno was taken in the
morning of September 5, as a result of the telegrams, alarums,
and excursions of the night of September 4-5, during which
night a 'last reunion of Ministers' was held all night 'until
dawn' ( Pianell, 194-195, his wife's journal), and during which
Forbes and Gallenga were pouring their false telegrams into
Naples and Salerno. One of these is printed in Monnier, 273:--

'Gallenga to [name of recipient not given]: Eboli, 1.30
a.m. September 5. Caldarelli's brigade has passed over to
Garibaldi: 4000 men commanded by Türr have landed at
Sapri. Other landings will be effected nearer to us.'

In Forbes, 225, and Arrivabene, ii. 168, Gallenga's other
telegram (to Ulloa in Naples) is given thus:--

'Eboli, 11.30 p.m. Garibaldi has arrived with 5000 of his

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