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This term is typically used to refer to the existential reading of the present perfect, as in the sentence I have been to France before. In the case of the present perfect, the reference time is identified with speech time. (Chapters 3 and 5. )
Functional contrast/opposition.
A difference in use that distinguishes two or more forms that are nearly synonymous at the semantic level, e.g., the contrast between the simple past tense and the present perfect. (Chapters 3 and 5. )
General perfect construction.
An abstract construction which represents formal and semantic features common to the present perfect, the future perfect, and the past perfect. (Chapter 4. )
Have operator.
See Perfect operator.
History.
A representation of any past event sequence containing a linear pathway of temporal intervals leading to the present moment. (Chapters 1 and 5. )
Identifiable.
The state of a referent for which the speaker and hearer share a representation. Identifiable referents expressed nominally are encoded by definite noun phrases or pronouns (if active). An identifiable temporal interval is one that can be said to be located at a certain point in a history. (Chapter 5. )
Imperfective.
A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker’s lack of attention to the endpoints of the situation referred to. Imperfective aspect is the prototypical mode of presentation for states. (Chapter 1. )
Inceptive.
A formal exponent of phasal aspect which denotes that event whose time of occurrence is the same as the time at which the reference situation (event or state) begins. (Chapter 2. )
Inheritance.
A genetic model used to represent formal and semantic correspondences among linguistic expressions. (Chapter 2. ) When a construction A contains all information contained in another construction B, we say that A inherits this information from B. (Chapter 2. )
Inheritance link.
A method of representing an inheritance relation. (Chapter 2. )
Instance link.
A method of representing that inheritance relation which holds when a construction A is a more fully specified version of a construction B. In this case, we would say that A is an instance of B. (Chapters 2 and 3. )
Markedness opposition.
A type of functional opposition in which one member of a contrast pair is unspecified with respect to some

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Publication Information: Book Title: Aspectual Grammar and Past-Time Reference. Contributors: Laura A. Michaelis - author. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 1998. Page Number: xiv.
    
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