OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aries Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 2000 by Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. I98 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A nation transformed by information : how information has shaped the United States from Colonial times to the present / Alfred D. Chandler, James W. Cortada, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-19-512701-3 I. Information technology—United States—History. I. Chandler, Alfred Dupont. II. Cortada, James W. HCII0.155 N37 2000 338.973'06—dc2I 99-049438 5 4 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper |