FRONTISPIECE PHOTOGRAPH: Marchers displaying signs of militancy enter Jackson, Mississippi, June 26,1966. AP/ Wide World MAP ON PAGE xi BY: Ben Gamit Copyright © 1990 by Robert Weisbrot. All rights reserved. Selection from "Ka 'Ba," in Imamu Amiri Baraka, Black Magic: Collected Poetry, 1961‐ 1967. Copyright © 1969 by LeRoi Jones (Amiri Baraka). Reprinted by permission of Sterling Lord Literistic, Inc. Selection from "Note on Commercial Theatre," in Langston Hughes, Selected Poems. Copyright © 1948 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Selection from "Of Liberation," in Nikki Giovanni, Black Feeling—Black Talk—Black Judgement. Copyright © 1968, 1970 by Nikki Giovanni. Reprinted by permission of William Morrow and Co., Inc. Printed in the United States of America. FIRST EDITION The text of this book is composed in Times Roman, with display type set in Beton and Caslon. Composition and manufacturing by the Haddon Craftsmen, Inc,. Book design by Marjorie J. Flock. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Weisbrot, Robert. Freedom Bound: a history of the civil rights movement / Robert Weisbrot. p. cm. Includes index. 1. Afro-American-Civil rights—History—20th century. 2. Civil rights movement—United States—History—20th century. 3. United States—Politics and government—1961-1963. 4. United States— Politics and government—1963-1969. 5. Liberalism—United States— History—20th century. 6. Afro-Americans—Economic conditions. I. Title. E185.61. W394 1990 323.4'9073—dc19 88-35228 ISBN 0-393-02704-X W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10110 W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 37 Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3NU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 |