psychoanalysis; namely, that of psychosexual development and of the ego.

My contribution (1980(a)) attempted to outline the "elements" of a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development. I, too, first traced the gradual inclusion in psychoanalytic thought of what was once called "the outerworld" back to my last days of psychoanalytic training in Vienna and on through my first years in this country. Having emphasized the complementarity of psychosexual and psychosocial approaches and their relation to the concept of ego, I proceeded to review the corresponding stages of the life cycle.

Now to restate at such length what theoretical considerations one has advanced in a lifetime and in a variety of data-filled contexts may seem to be an unrewarding task to writer and reader alike. But it was, in fact, the historical emphasis of the invitation from the NIMH that to me seemed to suggest it as a valid undertaking : for such an extension of psychoanalytic theory could have originated only in this country and in a period—the thirties and forties—when psychoanalysis, against a background of growing world turbulence, found itself welcomed into medical centers as well as into intensive interdisciplinary discussion. And such discussions later proved to be fundamental to the central theme of the Midcentury White House Conference on Children and Youth to which Joan Erikson and I contributed a paper, "Growth and Crises of the 'Healthy Personality' " (1950).

So, I decided to republish and, where necessary, to extend what I had written for the NIMH—and this with only one major change; when it came (once more!) to a review of the stages of life, I changed the order of my presentation. Already in the NIMH chapter, I had elected to begin the list of the psychosocial stages not, as is customary, with childhood, but with adulthood: the "idea" being that once you have worked out the interweaving of all the stages you should be able to start with any stage and— meaningfully—reach any other on the map of stages. And adulthood, after all, is the link between the individual life cycle and

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