Laura Guy, Halliman Winsborough, Yuko Mizuno oriented me to the
world of statistics. Amy Ling, Mary Rouse, and Suzanne Jones graciously
enabled me to get paid for raising my own awareness of Asian American
history and U.S. race relations. Most of all, my peers and friends in sem-
inars and political struggle challenged me to approach history as a vehicle
for social change. I owe my greatest debts to Peter Chen, Joan Varney,
Victor Jew, Jennifer Frost, Paul Taillon, Laura McEnaney, Susan Tra-
verso, Gunther Peck, Steve Casanova, Alejandra Elenas, Fong Hermes,
Wendy Ho, Jan Miyasaki, Peggy Choy, and Marc Goulden.

Another invaluable resource for this book was the University of Cali-
fornia. My debt to the UC system began at UC Santa Barbara, where
Laura Kalman and the late Robert Kelley began my interest in U.S. his-
tory as an undergraduate, and, where, from 1993 to 1994, Sucheng
Chan welcomed me back to complete my dissertation on fellowship in
the department of Asian American Studies. The Asian American Studies
Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, provided me with a
Rockefeller fellowship in 1992–93, which enabled me to tap the school's
rich archives in Japanese American history. Being at UCLA also allowed
me to forge ties to an outstanding group of researchers and thinkers in-
cluding Brian Hayashi, Brian Niiya, David Yoo, Valerie Matsumoto,
Yuji Ichioka, Eiichiro Azuma, and Russell Leong.

The third university that figures prominently in the writing of this
book is the University of Southern California, where I have taught his-
tory and American Studies and Ethnicity since 1995. At USC I have
benefited from discussions with George Sanchez, Steve Ross, Lois Ban-
ner, Mauricio Mazon, Charlotte Furth, Jack Willis, Vince Cheng, Judith
Jackson-Fossett, Dorrine Kondo, Mary Dudziak, and Soo-young Chin.
Special mention must be reserved for Philippa Levine for reading many
drafts of my work and training me in the game of academia. Also at
USC, I was fortunate to receive a junior faculty stipend for the comple-
tion of my book through the Southern California Studies Center.

This book has benefitted as well from a generous grant from the Civil
Liberties Public Education Fund. I have also been honored to receive
funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the John
Randolf and Dora Haynes Foundation. The Japanese American National
Museum, through Akemi Kikumura, was instrumental in helping me lo-
cate and interview my informants. Cameron Trowbridge, JANM's Hira-
saki national resource center manager, has been extremely gracious in
allowing me to reproduce images in this book from the museum's ex-
tensive photographic archives. Likewise, I want to thank the Journal of

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