is rich in attitudes. If editorials, strictly speaking, are absent, editori-
alized articles will do equally well. Hence, in the Völkischer Beobachter,
we used those general evaluative articles which served the purposes of
editorials. When we talk of editorials, therefore, the reader should un-
derstand that the term refers to the material of this sample, although
probably not all of the material fully meets the criteria that a journalist
might wish to set up for the term.

It might be well to summarize, then--particularly for the papers pre-
senting difficulties--the type of article which we included in our sample
under the general heading of "editorial."

Norddeutsche allgemeine Zeitung. --Editorials were unsystematically
placed; some unsigned or initialed articles appeared without dateline on
the first or second page and were devoted to expression of opinion rather
than reporting of news. These ran about one to four items per issue.

Frankfurter Zeitung. --There was generally only one editorial a day.
It appeared in the most prominent position--the upper left of the front
page--usually of the evening section. It generally filled most of two
columns.

Völkischer Beobachter. --Although the entire paper was very highly
editorialized, the articles most comparable to standard editorials
were the signed articles by important Nazi figures. These were usually
placed in the left- or right-hand column of one of the prominent pages,
often the first. Such articles, which we treated as editorials, averaged
a little over one an issue.

Novoe Vremia. --Editorials were usually on the left-hand side of the
front page and were distinguished by being set in larger type than the
rest of the paper.

Izvestia. --As in Novoe Vremia, the front page left was the usual loca-
tion of editorials. They generally ran in a wider column than was stand-
ard, and were often set off by rules. The headline usually had a general
rather than a newsy character. The later editorials were anonymous, but
in earlier years they were often signed and sometimes difficult to dis-
tinguish from noneditorial articles.

Le Monde. --As in Le Temps, the editorials were generally on the
front page. The left-hand column was generally devoted to an article
headed "Bulletin de l'Etranger." There was generally one other item
that might be called an editorial although it was not as regular in format.
The small number of editorials as compared with Le Temps was in part
due to the fact that Le Monde is a much smaller paper with less space
to devote. The nature of the sample from Le Monde obviously results in
an emphasis on foreign policy.

The differences in format between papers have some effect upon the
contents of the editorials. A paper that runs only one editorial an issue
will naturally touch on the highlights, all other considerations being con-
stant. At the other extreme, the New York Times, with abundant news-
print and many thousands of editorial words daily, can afford to editori-
alize on the coming of spring and similar subjects. Almost any issue

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