total 22 million in fiscal year 1994 alone. ¹ As of fiscal year 1994, the
remaining approximately 5 million admissions comprise just more than
3 million temporary visitors for business and less than 2 million as-
sorted other categories of admission, of which 764,000 include those
addressed by the authors in this volume.

Thirteen authors describe here a core of temporary visas that au-
thorize specific activities, namely the right to attend U.S. institutions
of education, to work or conduct business, or to undertake study or
work that comports with exchange agreements with foreign countries.
These visa categories are among those with the greatest degree of rights
and, with the exception of temporary visitors for business or pleasure,
they are the most numerous. They also have not been subject to re-
search by academics and have not received much systematic evaluation
by policymakers. The articles in this volume address the lack of sys-
tematic study and set forth the policy implications of the available
research.

Two broad types of visa classes--(1) workers and (2) students and
exchange visitors--are most central to today's concerns and are pre-
dominantly discussed in this volume (U.S. INS 1996a).

Workers. The sole purpose of these categories of admission is to
grant legal authorization to work in the United States. H-1B workers
are professionals and highly-skilled individuals in specialty occupa-

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