a as '"a"' in "father."

ai as "ai" in "aisle."

e as "e" in "met."

ê as "u" (but longer) in "us."

ei as "ei" in "deign."

erh as "er" in "herb."

i as "i" in "machine."

iao as "e" and "ow" in "the owl."

ie(h) as the final and initial "e's" in "he edits."

ih (only after ch, ch', j, and sh) is like a vocalized "r." The way to pronounce
"shih," for example, is to say "sh" and then immediately say the vocalized "r."

iu as "eu" in "feud."

o after the gutturals k, k', and h, as a separate syllable in itself is like "e," but
after other consonants it is like "uo."

ou as "ou" in "soul."

u as "u" in "rule."

Ŭ (Ŭ) is used only after sz [ss], tz, and tz' to show the buzzing quality of the
initial. The way to pronounce "tzu," for example, is to say "tz" and then imme-
diately vocalize it by keeping the tip of the tongue at the back of the teeth with
lips open and retracted.

ü as "ü" in German "grün" or "u" in French "menu."

ua as "o" and "a" in "to arm."

uei (ui) as "way."

uo as "o" and "a" in "to awe."

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