offensive, as, for example, Fontenelle's own pastorals and two or three of the idyls of Theocritus. Both these schools have regarded the pastoral more as a literary "mode" than as an opportunity for un-self- conscious poetic expression.
Mr. Homer Smith concurs in part with Fonte- nelle's theory that there should be idealized portrayal of shepherd life; he says: "Idealized portrayal of rural life . . . may be appropriately designated as pastoral literature," 1 a conclusion based upon a study of Italian Renascence pastorals with their evident ideal elements. As English pastorals were mainly indebted to the Italy of the Renascence, such a conclusion is not to be discounted. A dis- tinction, however, must be made at this point between Fontenelle's theory and Homer Smith's conclusion. The artificial and the ideal are by no means identical, for the one is a bastard, illegitimate species of art, the other a desirable and legitimate phase of the truth. Fontenelle emphasizes the artificial, Homer Smith the ideal. Such pastorals as Fontenelle sanctions, Klein says are witnesses of an over-refined, effete civilization, and originate in a sentimental longing for an imaginary simplicity and innocence of nature. 2
Homer Smith's defi- nition of the pastoral.
The simplest and best discussion of the pas- toral which has as yet appeared seems to me H. Oskar Sommer's. Although recognizing certain
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Publication Information: Book Title: English Pastoral Drama, from the Restoration to the Date of the Publication of the "Lyrical Ballads": (1660-1798). Contributors: Jeannette Marks - author. Publisher: Methuen. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 1908. Page Number: 21.
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