moreover, served to sustain some of these emotions. Western
colonialism and the advent of Western supremacy throughout
the world stirred up sentiments of outrage, bitterness, and en-
mity. These sentiments could easily interact with traditional
anti-foreignism, but they were present also among many of the
new elite who in impersonal terms were the most "Westernized"
elements of their societies.

This fact beckons us to move toward still more fundamental
considerations. Surely, future historians will find that the most
significant accomplishment of the West in its age of global domi-
nation lay in its universalization of certain values that had pre-
viously been parochial, confined merely to the peripheries of
Western Europe and the United States. These values can be
symbolized by four words: progress, science, industrialization,
and democracy. By the mid-twentieth century, what political
elite -- whether in the Western or the non-Western world -- did
not covet for itself and its society such designations as progres-
sive, scientific, industrialized, and democratic? For the first time
in human history, rival forces argued over the right to use the
same words, debated over the most appropriate methods to be
used in achieving the same ends.

This universalization of Western values, however, paradoxi-
cally presented a new and formidable challenge to the West.
Understandably, the advent of Western growth and power
abetted that ethnocentric force which lies within every cultural
unit. While there were some notable exceptions, Western atti-
tudes after the beginning of the nineteenth century were gen-
erally characterized by the assumptions -- explicit or implicit --
that the values and institutions of the "advanced West" were
vastly superior to all others and that the modernity, progress and
very capacity of non-Western peoples should be judged by the
degree to which they accepted and successfully operated the
Western value-institutional complex. Such doctrines, however,
placed a heavy premium upon the workability of that complex
in societies having different cultural traditions, different timings
of development, and, hence, different socio-political proclivities.

Suddenly, the political elites of Asia and Africa were faced

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