Post-Mao reforms have brought about some considerable changes in Chinese
society, particularly in terms of state-society relations. Chinese society itself has
become more pluralistic and complex with a more variety of groups and inter-
ests, as a result of the market reform and economic modernization.

First, action means of state control over the society have been diversified. In-
stead of relying solely upon the traditional administrative command and central
planning, the post-Mao regime has skillfully taken advantage of economic, le-
gal, and other means of social control.

Second, decentralization has substantially affected not only the relations be-
tween the center and the provincial/local governments but also the state-society
relations with respect to freedom of individuals in economic activities, daily life,
and living styles.

Third, co-existence of multiple ownership forms rather than the domination of
state- and collective ownership has resulted in great change in social stratifica-
tion and interest differentiation. Chinese society has become more complex in
terms of industrial structure, employment structure, urban-rural structure, and
social stratum structure. Existing groups have become internally more complex
as a consequence of diversification in economic sectors, forms of ownership,
and levels of income.

Fourth, decollectivization of agriculture by dismantling the commune system
and economic modernization have provided an enormous opportunity for over
100 million farmers to become industrial workers, which is paralleled by more
social mobility in the population and labor force. As a result, the traditional
management system of urban residents based on permanent resident certificates
and units is being watered down, though such a system is still effective and
continues to serve important functions in social, economic, and political life.

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