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Ch'un-ch'iu, or Spring and Autumn, a brief history of
the state of Lu from 722 to 481 B.C. The Tso-
chuan is a commentary on the Ch'un-ch'iu. The Chou-li
is a record of the rites of the Chou dynasty. The I-li is
an ancient work on ceremonial and etiquette.

The four Books are the Lun-yü, or Sayings of Con-
fucius, a collection of questions, answers and discussions
between Confucius and his disciples, put together about
a century after Confucius, but containing a genuine tra-
dition; the Ta-hsioh, or Great Learning, a treatise on the
cultivation of wisdom in individuals as the sole means of
laying a secure foundation for the state; the Chung-yung,
or Doctrine of the Mean, a more philosophic treatise on
σωϕροσώνη, or virtue as the balance between two vicious
extremes; and Mêng-tzŭ, the Teaching of Mencius, a
disciple of Confucius. 2

Other sources for the religion of China are the com-
mentaries on the Classics, the later literature, and the
existing customs of the people. 3

b. Distinction between Soul and Body. --The distinc-
tion between soul and body is fundamental to Chinese
thought. In sleep the soul is believed to leave the body
temporarily, wander around, and see the things that are
experienced in dreams. It comes back immediately when
the sleeper is awakened. In swoons the soul wanders
farther from its body and has more difficulty in finding
its way back. The relatives then wave a garment on a
____________________
2 The Canonical Books and the Classics are translated by J. Legge, The Chinese
Classics, 1861; the Li-ki, in Sacred Books of the East, xxvii-xxviii, 1895. The
I-li, or Conventional Rites, is translated by J. Steele, 2 vols., London, 1917. The
references in the following pages are to Legge's translations.
3 The most elaborate work on the subject is J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious
System of China, vi vols., 1892- 1910 (devoted almost exclusively to ancestor-
worship). Another elaborate work is H. Doré, Recherches sur les Superstitions en
Chine, iv. vols. 1911- 1912. Other useful works of a more popular character
are J. Legge, The Religions of China, 1880; J. Ross, The Original Religion of
China, 1909; W. J. Clennell, The Historical Development of Religion in China,
1917; J. Edkins, Religion in China, 2 1878; W. Grube, Religion und Kultus der
Chinesen, 1910; H. A. Giles, Religions of Ancient China, 1918; J. J. M. de Groot
, The Religion of the Chinese, 1910; G. F. Moore, History of Religions,
i. chaps i-v.; E. W. Hopkins, The History of Religions, chaps. xiv-xv.

-17-

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Publication Information: Book Title: Spiritism and the Cult of the Dead in Antiquity. Contributors: Lewis Bayles Paton - author. Publisher: Macmillan. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1921. Page Number: 17.
    
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