renovation program. Without this barrier system, the allied army
would have been unable to depart France prior to the end of the
planned five-year stay. Finally, he guided the process by which the
allies decided they would terminate the occupation.

This work is also a study of the British army as part of the
allied army of occupation. The allied army was history's first multi-
national peacekeeping operation. There had been no manuals writ-
ten which described how this operation should work, and so this
army should have established precedent for future similar endeavors.
Under Wellington's leadership, the allied army maintained its neu-
trality. It served both the victorious European powers and France.
It provided time for Louis XVIII to reestablish the Bourbons on the
French throne. Wellington actually never employed the army to en-
force allied decisions on the French nor protect the French king. The
final test of the success of the duke and his army lies in events after
the departure of the allies. General war, which had engulfed Europe
for a generation, was not renewed for another century.

The collections of documents on Wellington and the British
army exist in several locations in France and Great Britain. Welling-
ton's papers at the University of Southampton which cover this pe-
riod are well organized. Many letters to Wellington located there are
not in his published papers found in The Supplementary Despatches,
Correspondence and Memorandum of Field Marshal the Duke of
Wellington. I found the papers of Sir George Murray, located in the
National Library of Scotland, to be well cataloged. Murray served
as Wellington's chief of staff in France, and accordingly was de facto
chief of staff of the entire allied army. The relevant papers of Sir
Richard Hussay Vivian, at the National Army Museum, are also
well organized and most helpful in my study. Lord Vivian served
Wellington as a cavalry brigade commander in France and kept de-
tailed records.

For the French point of view, I examined the foreign ministry
papers at the Quai d'Orsay which covered the day-to-day activities
of supporting an occupying force. These papers are chronological in
sequence, and cover a multitude of issues. The bulk of these files con-
centrate on the day-to-day relations between the French government
and all the occupying nations. The French army papers are kept in
the Musée de l'Armée de Terre located in the Château de Vincennes
just outside Paris. They are not as well organized, but they are vo-
luminous. Anyone concerned with the day-to-day operations of the
French army during the Second Restoration should examine these
files.

Works such as this are not completed without the assistance of
many people. Professor John W. Rooney encouraged me to pursue

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