An East Gate Book Copyright © 1997 by M. E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504. Illustrations by the author. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Huang Ray. China: a macrohistory / Ray Huang.--Rev. ed. p. cm. "An East gate book." Includes index. ISBN 1-56324-730-5 (cloth: alk. paper). ISBN 1-56324-731-3 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. China--History. I. Title. DS735.H785 1997 951--dc21 96-51941 CIP Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-- Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z 39.48-1984. ∞+⃝ BM 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 BM 10 9 8 7 6 5 -ii- |