Schurz, Sigel, Kapp, Hecker, or Heinzen. If the list has become so long
as to constitute almost an encyclopedia of names, and the footnotes more
numerous than usual, my only justification is that it seems unlikely that
any one will cover such a mass of newspaper material soon again; that
I have written for serious scholars of the history of immigration as well
as other readers; and that it is important to establish the fact that the
Forty-eighter group was somewhat larger than is generally assumed, and
included the simple folk, as well as the "great names," who loved liberty
sufficiently to risk their lives in its defense.

My indebtedness to others is very great. Dr. Veit Valentin, supreme
authority on the Revolution of 1848, had hoped to write a history of the
Forty-eighters, when he came to America some years ago, himself a
refugee from German tyranny. His untimely death put an end to his
research when he had hardly got beyond the assembling of additional
data on the background of the German emigration. His widow made his
notes available to me, and I found them useful in reconstructing condi-
tions in the German States immediately after the failure of the Revolution.

Through a generous grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, made
available by Dr. Luther H. Evans of the Library of Congress, for studies
in American History and Civilization, I was able to enlist the services of
Dr. Dora Edinger, historian and former co-worker of Dr. Valentin, to
read the New Yorker Staatszeitung and the New Yorker Criminal
Zeitung und Belletristisches Journal for the period from 1848 to the Civil
War. Dr. Russell P. Anderson, Director of the Western Reserve Historical
Society, made the files of the Cleveland Wächter am Erie available to me
under most favorable working conditions. I am indebted for similar
privileges with respect to the files of the Columbus Westbote, from 1848
to 1875, to Mr. John Marsh and Dr. James H. Rodabaugh of the Ohio
Archaeological and Historical Society. I must also again acknowledge
my obligation to those who helped me with materials in the preparation
of my earlier biographies of Heinzen and Weitling, which, in a sense,
were forerunners of the present work.

Mr. Wrayton E. Gardner of the Library of Western Reserve University
has been indefatigable in helping me with bibliographical details and in
procuring material from other libraries.

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