The fact that women were not routinely imprisoned is not the only reason they did not display these types of autographs. Apparently Plains Indian women did not produce realistic representations like the men, but rather geometric designs, usually on such items as parfleches.
7.
For an account of how a costume-symbol (details of dress and adornment) replaced the name-symbol in the drawings of Fort Marion prisoners, see Petersen.
8.
For a discussion of authenticity, objectification, and Natachee Momaday as Momaday presents her in The Names, see Paul Jay's essay in this volume.
References
1.
Beck Peggy V., and Anna L. Walters. The Sacred: Ways of Knowledge, Sources of Life. Tsaile, Ariz.: Navajo Community Coll. P, 1977.
2.
Brumble H. David. American Indian Autobiography. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
3.
Bruss Elizabeth. Autobiographical Acts: The Changing Situation of a Literary Genre. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1976.
4.
Driver Harold E. Indians of North America. 2d. ed. 1961. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1969.
5.
Eakin Paul John. Fictions in Autobiography: Studies in the Art of Self-Invention. Prince- ton: Princeton UP, 1988.
6.
------. "Narrative and Chronology as Structures of Reference and the New Model Auto- biographer." Studies in Autobiography. Ed. James Olney. New York: Oxford UP, 1988. 32- 41.
7.
Eastman Charles Alexander. From the Deep Woods to Civilization: Chapters in the Auto- biography of an Indian. 1916. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1977.
8.
------. Indian Boyhood. 1902. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1972.
9.
------. The Soul of the Indian: An Interpretation. 1911. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1980.
10.
Friedman Susan Stanford. "Women's Autobiographical Selves: Theory and Practice." The Private Self: Theory and Practice of Women's Autobiographical Writings. Ed. Shari Benstock . Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1988. 34-62.
11.
Gardner Howard. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic, 1983.
12.
Hoebel E. Adamson, and Karen Daniels Petersen, eds. A Cheyenne Sketchbook. By Cohoe. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1964.
13.
Jay Paul. "Posing: Autobiography and the Subject of Photography." Autobiography and Postmodernism. Ed. Kathleen Ashley, Leigh Gilmore, and Gerald Peters. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1994.
14.
Joseph Alvin M., Jr. The Indian Heritage of America. New York: Bantam, 1968.
-238-
Questia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www.questia.com
Publication Information: Book Title: Autobiography & Postmodernism. Contributors: Kathleen Ashley - editor, Leigh Gilmore - editor, Gerald Peters - editor. Publisher: University of Massachusetts Press. Place of Publication: Amherst, MA. Publication Year: 1994. Page Number: 238.
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