Up to now, we have studied the division of labor only as a
normal phenomenon, but, like all social facts, and, more gen-
erally, all biological facts, it presents pathological forms which
must be analyzed. Though normally the division of labor
produces social solidarity, it sometimes happens that it has
different, and even contrary results. Now, it is important to
find out what makes it deviate from its natural course, for if
we do not prove that these cases are exceptional, the division
of labor might be accused of logically implying them. More-
over, the study of these devious forms will permit us to deter-
mine the conditions of existence of the normal state better.
When we know the circumstances in which the division of labor
ceases to bring forth solidarity, we shall better understand
what is necessary for it to have that effect. Pathology, here as
elsewhere, is a valuable aid of physiology.

One might be tempted to reckon as irregular forms of the
division of labor criminal occupations and other harmful activ-
ities. They are the very negation of solidarity, and yet they
take the form of special activities. But to speak with exacti-
tude, there is no division of labor here, but differentiation pure
and simple. The two terms must not be confused. Thus,
cancer and tuberculosis increase the diversity of organic tissues
without bringing forth a new specialization of biologic functions. ¹
In all these cases, there is no partition of a common function,
but, in the midst of the organism, whether individual or social,

-353-