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Notes

Introduction
1 Culture includes people's customs, beliefs and values, worldview and philoso-
phies, as well as their food, music, language, and dress. It is dynamic, changing
over time as people adapt to changed circumstances, technological innovations,
and influences from other groups. The development of a general African-Ameri-
can culture with local and regional variations, and the interplay of African-Amer-
ican culture and American culture are dealt with throughout this book and in
particular detail in Chapter 7.
2 See Freedom's Journal, August 8, August 29, September 5 and 12, and Octo-
ber 3, 1828.
3 The most extensive biographical account of Horton is by Richard Walser,
The Black Poet: The Story of George Moses Horton, A North Carolina Slave ( New York:
Philosophical Library, 1966); see also Blyden Jackson, A History of Afro-American
Literature, I ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), 84-95, and M. A. Richmond
, Bid the Vassal Soar ( Washington, D. C.: Howard University Press,
1974), 81-209.
4 For an extended discussion of the many definitions of community and of
types of community theories, see Roland L. Warren and Larry Lyon, eds., New
Perspectives on the American Community ( Chicago: The Dorsey Press, 1988). On the
diversity of African-American communities, see James Oliver Horton, Free People
of Color. Inside the African-American Community ( Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1993).
5 The Anglo-African Magazine ( January 1859 reprint, New York: Arno Press,
1968), 4.

Chapter 1
1. Prince Nancy, A Narrative of the Life and Travels of Mrs. Nancy Prince ( Boston:
Nancy Prince, 1853), 6.
2. James A. Rawley, Transatlantic Slave Trade ( New York: W. W. Norton, 1981),
336-37.

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Publication Information: Book Title: In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community, and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860. Contributors: James Oliver Horton - author, Lois E. Horton - author. Publisher: Oxford University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1998. Page Number: 271.
    
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