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Variation between and among Federal, State, and Local Governments 89
Summary and Conclusions 96
4. The Dynamics of Changing Budget Processes 98
Major Changes in the Federal Budget Process 100
Minicase: Committee Response to Gramm-Rudman-Hollings 104
Changes in Budget Process at the State Level 108
Minicase: Early Budget Evolution in Illinois 109
Minicase: Illinois State Budgeting: The Governor and the Legislature 113
Minicase: The Executive and the Legislature in Florida's Budgeting 115
Changes in Budget Process at the Local Level 116
Minicase: Cleveland, Ohio 116
Minicase: Target-based Budgeting in Tampa 123
Summary and Conclusions 125
5. The Politics of Expenditures: Managing Competition,
Accountability, and Acceptability 		127
Tradeoffs 128
Minicase: Tradeoffs in the Budget under the Federal Budget
Enforcement Act 		128
Multiple Actors Compete for Spending Preferences 134
Budget Constraints Can Reduce Competition 140
Minicase: Children's Amendment in San Francisco 141
Minicase: Science Funding and Earmarking 142
Minicase: Is Social Security Going Bust? 148
Minicase: Taking the Highway Trust Fund Off Budget 150
The Environment Can Affect Spending Priorities 153
The Separation between Payer and Spender Requires
Public Approval of Spending Choices 		155
Minicase: Federal Credit Reform 163
Minicase: Between (Little) Rock and a Hard Place:
Siting and Funding a Presidential Library 		170
Minicase: The Impact of Being in a Secret Budget 175
Summary and Conclusions 176
6. The Politics of Balancing the Budget 179
Balance as a Constraint 181
Minicase: Balance and the Highway Trust Fund 181
Multiple Actors, Ideologies, and Deficits 183
The Environment, Unpredictability, and Deficits 185
Increasing Stress between Payer and Decider 187

-iv-

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Publication Information: Book Title: The Politics of Public Budgeting: Getting and Spending, Borrowing and Balancing. Contributors: Irene S. Rubin - author. Publisher: Chatham House Publishers. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: iv.
    
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