OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta CapeTown Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence HongKong Istanbul Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 2000 by Charles R. Geisst Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Geisst, Charles R. Monopolies in America : Empire builders and their enemies from Jay Gould to Bill Gates / Charles R. Geisst. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-512301-8 1. Monopolies--United States--History. 2. Big business--United States--History. I. Title. HD2757.2.G45 2000 338.8'2'0973--dc21 99-14340 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper -iv- |