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3 Market-Based Environmental Policies 31
Robert N. Stavins
What Are Market-Based Policy Instruments? / 31
U.S. Experience with Tradable Permit Programs / 35
U.S. Experience with Charge Systems / 41
U.S. Experience with Reducing Market Barriers / 51
U.S. Experience with Reducing Government Subsidies / 55
Why Have There Been Relatively Few Applications of Market-Based
Instruments? / 		56
Why Has the Performance Record Been Mixed? / 58
The Changing Politics of Market-Based Instruments / 60
Conclusion / 62
Notes / 62
References / 68
4 Air Pollution Policy 77
Paul R. Portney
Air Pollution Control before 1970 / 78
The New Direction in Air Pollution Control Policy / 80
Accomplishments since 1970 / 91
An Economic Evaluation of the Clean Air Act / 100
Other Issues in Air Quality Regulation / 115
Notes / 121
References / 122
5 Climate Change Policy 125
Jason F. Shogren and Michael A. Toman
A Brief Overview of Climate Change / 126
A Chronology of Policy and Institutional Responses / 131
Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Climate Change Risk
Mitigation / 		135
Designing Climate Policy Instruments / 147
Coherent International Architecture Matters / 153
Concluding Remarks / 156
Notes / 158
References / 160
6 Water Pollution Policy 169
A. Myrick Freeman III
History and Evolution of Water Pollution Policy / 170
FWPCA-72 and Its Amendments / 176

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Questia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www.questia.com

Publication Information: Book Title: Public Policies for Environmental Protection. Contributors: Paul R. Portney - editor, Robert N. Stavins - editor. Publisher: Resources for the Future. Place of Publication: Washington, DC. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: vi.
    
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