Page:  of 212
 
6. Civil Penalties 99
Delayed-Compliance Penalty Policy 99
Other Civil Penalties 106
Civil Penalty Collection 107
A Stumble or a Step in the Right Direction? 108
7. The Struggle between the Regions 110
Congressional Voting 110
New-Source Performance Standards 117
Nondeterioration Policy 125
Concluding Assessment 129
8. The Ambient Air Quality Standards 131
The Statutory Mandate 131
Primary Standard-Setting in Practice 138
Summary 143
9. Modest Pressures for Legislative Change 145
Proposals to Amend the Clean Air Act 146
Assessment of the Proposals 151
Summary 154
10. A Practical Solution to the Control Problem:
A Two-Part Tariff 		156
The Two-Part Tariff: Quantities and Prices 156
Alternative to the Two-Part Tariff 165
Conclusions 168
Appendixes
A. Derivation of EPA Formulas for Calculating Delayed-Compliance
Penalties 		171
B. Votes on Bills Rated by the League of Conservation Voters to Derive
Results in Table 7-3 		185
Index 195
Text Tables
2-1. Estimates of National Air Pollutant Emissions, 1970-80 23
2-2. Pollutants Removed by Manufacturers, 1973-79 25
3-1. Estimates of the Incremental Costs of Removing Pollutants from
Existing Sources and New Sources 		36
3-2. Air Pollution Control Costs per Thousand Dollars of Value
Added in Eight Industries, 1977 		42
3-3. Capital Requirements for Environmental Control in New
Facilities in Three Industries 		44
3-4. Cost of Meeting RACT Standards for a One-Million-Metric-Ton
Steel Plant 		46
3-5. Changes in Controls from RACT to Obtain Efficient Control for a
One-Million-Metric-Ton Steel Plant 		47

-x-

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Publication Information: Book Title: Controlling Industrial Pollution: The Economics and Politics of Clean Air. Contributors: Robert W. Crandall - author. Publisher: Brookings Institution. Place of Publication: Washington, DC. Publication Year: 1983. Page Number: x.
    
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