pendence and motor agility tend to manifest themselves early
and to persist under varying environmental conditions. Every
child is born with a naturel which colors and structures his ex-
periences. . . . He has constitutional traits and tendencies
largely inborn, which determine how, what, and to some extent
even when he will learn. These traits are both racial and
familial. . . ." (pp. 39 - 40 ).

Part of the evidence for the conclusions expressed above
Gesell found in careful studies of fraternal and identical twins.
He says: "Fraternal twins are derived from two separately fertil-
ized egg-cells. Each twin therefore has a distinctive hereditary
origin and a correspondingly distinctive genetic constitu-
tion. . . . They show family resemblances but they are essentially
unlike, even though they are simultaneously reared in the same
household and subject to the selfsame culture.

"Identical twins are derived from a single egg-cell, and they
may indeed be almost identical because they share one and the
same genetic constitution. Accordingly they show throughgoing
correspondences in their physical and mental development. . . . "
(p. 41 ).

In another book, Gesell ³ points out that features of in-
dividuality begin to be recognizable long before birth. "Racial
differences are recognizable by the fourth fetal month. . . .
The musculature of the Negro fetus is more compact and
coarsely bundled than that of the white fetus of similar age. . . .
Our own repeated observations of a large group of fetal infants
left us with no doubt that psychologically they were individuals.
Just as no two looked alike, so no two behaved precisely alike.
One was impassive when another was alert. Even among the
youngest there were discernible differences in vividness, re-
activity and responsiveness. There were genuine individual dif-
ferences, already prophetic of the diversity that distinguishes the
human family." (p. 172).

"The child comes by his psychic constitution through em-
bryological processes. . . ."(p. 167).

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