explains their exercise of it before the constitution of the
empire. In 800, Charlemagne came to Rome to judge Leo III.

From the fall of the Carolingian empire ( 887, or more
exactly 896) to the accession of the Germanic empire ( 962),
Rome was governed successively by the dukes of Spoleto, the
king of Provence, Berenger, and the House of Theophylactus. ¹
During this entire period the Pope was only the servant of
masters who had raised him to the pontifical throne. From
the advent of the Germanic empire ( 962) to Gregory VII.
( 1059), the administration of Rome was in the Pope's own
hands, but was guarded and controlled by the German
emperor. That was intended by the constitution of Otto. As
we know, however, this constitution, hated by the Romans,
was, until the year 1046, violated by them as often as possible. ²
In fact, during this period there were national popes alter-
nating with imperial popes. The latter alone were subject to
the emperor's supervision; the others were under the orders
of the faction which elected them.

Gregory VII. undertook to free the papacy from the yoke of
the empire as well as from the yoke of the Italian nobility.
His programme was to put Rome under the exclusive authority
of the Holy See. But the Germanic empire fought with all
its might to maintain the constitution of Otto, and did not
admit its defeat until the concordat of Worms ( 1122). It was
in 1059 that Hildebrand carried out his programme, and so it
was at that date that the conflict began. Thus the situation
was as follows: from the year 1059 to 1122, Rome, drawn
asunder by the German and the pontifical claims, fell a prey to
anarchy; but from the year 1122 the Pope was the undis-
puted master of Rome.

This situation lasted only twenty years. ³ In 1143 a
conflict arose between Innocent II. and the Roman people on
the subject of Tivoli, which the people wished to destroy, which
the Pope wished to spare. Dissatisfied with the mildness of
the pontiff, the people rebelled, took possession of the Capitol,
and installed a senate there. That was the constitution of
1143, by which the city of Rome was made a municipality
independent of the papacy. For two years the papacy opposed
this constitution. In 1145, Eugenius III. consented to recog-
nize the senate, on condition that they would grant him the
investiture. During the years following, several attempts at

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