This is a Borzoi Book
Published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.

Copyright © 1966, 1971 by Loren R. Graham.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright
Conventions. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf,
Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House
of Canada Limited, Toronto. Distributed by Random House, Inc.,
New York.

ISBN. 0-394-44387-X

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number. 77-136313

Acknowedgment is gratefully extended to the following to reprint from their works:

Academic Press, Inc.: From THE ORIGINS OF PREBIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND OF THEIR MO-
LECULAR MATRICES, edited by Sidney W. Fox. Copyright © 1965 by Academic Press,
Inc. From LIFE: ITS NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT, by A. I. Oparin. Copyright
© 1961 by Academic Press, Inc.

Atherton Press: From SCIENCE AND IDEOLOGY IN THE SOVIET UNION, edited by George Fischer
( 1967).

Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, England: From THE NEW GENETICS IN THE SO-
VIET UNION, by P. S. Hudson and R. H. Richens.

Humanities Press Inc. and D. Reidel Publishing Company: From THE PHILOSOPHY OF
QUANTUM MECHANICS, by D. I. Blokhintsev.

International Publishers Co., Inc.: From READER IN MARXIST PHILOSOPHY, edited by
Howard Selsam, et al. Copyright © 1963 by International Publishers Co., Inc. From
DIALECTICS OF NATURE, by Friedrich Engels. Copyright 1940 by International Pub-
lishers Co., Inc.

The Macmillan Company: From THE ORIGIN OF LIFE, by A. I. Oparin ( 1938). From
THE MYSTERY OF THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE, by William Bonnor ( 1964).

Pergamon Press Limited: From THE THEORY OF SPACE, TIME AND GRAVITATION, by
V. A. Fock ( 1959). From PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON THE EARTH, edited by A. I. Oparin, et al. ( 1959). From PRES-
ENT DAY RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGY, edited by Neil O'Connor ( 1966).

Universe Books, Inc. and George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd.: From THE ORIGIN OF
LIFE, by J. B. Bernal ( 1967).

The article entitled "Cybernetics" appeared in different form in the July 1964 issue of
Survey ( London).

Manufactured in the United States of America

First Edition

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