ezuela; and Oswaldo Holguín Callo of the Catholic Pontifical University
of Peru, Lima, provided important information and insights into the de-
velopment of academic programs taking an Americas orientation in their
respective countries. Retired professor Guillermo Morón of Simón Bolivas
University of Caracas and dean of the National Academy of History up-
dated the publication history of the General History of Americas series. From
Canada came assistance from W. J. Eccles, emeritus professor of the Uni-
versity of Toronto; Paul W. Bennett of Upper Canada College in Toronto;
Phebe Chartrand, archivist, and Bruce Dolphin, McGill University Ar-
chives; Hereward Senior of McGill University, Montreal; and Elisabeth
Karner of the Canadian Foundation for the Americas.

The library staffs at Northern Michigan University, the William Clements
Library at the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, the James
Bell Collection at the University of Minnesota, the Newberry Library in
Chicago, the University of Texas, Tulane University, Smith College Ar-
chives, Queen's University's College Archives in Kingston, Ontario, and
the Universidad de las Américas, and Bonnie Hardwick of the Bancroft
Library, University of California, Berkeley, provided me with timely as-
sistance in my ongoing research.

Over the years many others, both on and off Northern Michigan
University's campus, have provided me with assistance, criticism, and
encouragement. My colleagues Judith DeMark, Martin Dolan, Eugene A.
Whitehouse, and J. Manuel Espinoza read and critiqued the manuscript.
The students in the Junior-Senior Seminars, coming from a generation un-
familiar with the Boltonian concept, provided me with important insights
and criticisms. Troy Huggett, while studying at Northern, spent a semes-
ter assisting me with portions of this study. Karen Wallingford provided
invaluable editorial assistance, as did Sue Ann Salo and Madonna Marsden.
My designation as a Peter White Scholar of Northern Michigan Univer-
sity provided the financial assistance necessary to complete the research
for this project.

Finally I would like to thank my mother, Grace Mendiara Magnaghi,
who first brought the Spanish history of California to my attention and in
many ways made this work possible. My wife, Diane Kordich, who lis-
tened on our morning trips to work, encouraged me to complete the final
revisions. To all of these people I extend my sincerest thanks and appre-
ciation.

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