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CHAPTER IV: IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS 38
The Arcs of Descent and Ascent--Pravṛtti and Nivṛtti
Mārgas. Nirguṇa Brahman, the One Being, without any
attributes. His descent into duality: Saguṇa Brahman and
Mūlaprakṛti, with triple aspects. The second descent.
Puruṣa and Prakṛti, also with their corresponding triple
aspects. Further descent into the planes of mind, life,
matter, ending into the plane of dense matter 		39
The Arc of Ascent. From the mineral, plant, animal to the
human plane. Human temperament. Result of interaction
between the two triple aspects of puruṣa and prakṛti, the self
and matter. Types of temperament. Reincarnation, its
rationale. Karma, a statement of a law. Its three modes of
operations 		45
Four social groups, varṇas. Function of each group.
Biological analogy 		52
Four social forces, dharma. Definition of dharma as a
social force. Dharma, inherent in each individual object.
First three social forces: pleasure, power and knowledge
--kāma, artha, dharma. Correspondence with the three
aspects of consciousness. Social Forces and social conflict.
The fourth social force, mokṣa, freedom from ignorance
and round of births and deaths 		54
Four social institutions, āśramas. Social institutions as
crystallised social forces: individual and collective phases,
āśrama and varṇa. Four stages of individual's life:
education, marriage, family, profession; semi-retirement
accompanied by civic and national service; and complete retire-
ment for meditation and contemplation--brahmacārya,
gṛhastha, vānaprastha, saṃnyāsa 		57
Yoga, the technique of self-directed ascent and enlighten-
ment. Definition. Yoga as a process of transcendence of
thought, desire and action. Eight parts: two ethical, three
physical and three psychological. Their contents. Mokṣa,
freedom and enlightenment, as the ultimate goal. Mokṣa,
not annihilation of individuality. Three types of free or
resurrected souls: the devotees of the Good, the Beautiful
and the True. Summary. Plan of the following four
chapters 		63
CHAPTER V: THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION 72
Purpose of education. Plan of the chapter. Brahmacārya
āśrama, its philological significance. Education should

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Publication Information: Book Title: Manu Dharma S'astra: A Sociological and Historical Study. Contributors: Kewal Motwani - author, Ernest Wood - author. Publisher: Ganesh & Co.. Place of Publication: Madras, India. Publication Year: 1958. Page Number: xviii.
    
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