If it is true that the future of the democratic coun-
tries depends on the fulfilment of the aspiration of
peoples everywhere, then it is important that industrial-
ized countries exploit the possibilities for aid which
they can give to underdeveloped areas with which they
have some special political connection. No doubt in
many instances an old colonial relationship may carry
with it too many detriments. Where entirely new insti-
tutional arrangements need to be created, as they are
being created today through international organizations,
the economic task may be the more difficult because of
the lack of historic ties. Few underdeveloped countries,
especially countries so lacking in natural resources for
industrialization as Puerto Rico, can expect the degree
of assistance through new political institutions and
refurbished world market mechanisms, that Puerto Rico
has had because it is part of the United States.

Jaffe may be said to be concerned, however, with a
different kind of political considerations connected
with industrialization. He is concerned with the internal
political risks inherent in economic development even
where progress is relatively rapid. These risks arise
from the fact that the gains which may be seen in rising
per capita income may not necessarily have immediate
significance in levels of living for large masses of the
population. Their frustrations represent political problems
for governments engaged in economic development and en-
danger the chance of success for democratic forms of
political and economic development. The frustrations may

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