Kaplan, and Dolle. These observations and formulations of
developmental psychology are supplemented by concepts from de-
velopmental psychoanalysis, particularly the important issue of the
development of the subjective vantage point and its essential role in
the development of the capacity to represent the three-dimensional
form of objects and of space, and to use affects as a source of informa-
tion about the personal meaning of experience.

This developmental psychological model is applied to an examina-
tion of the development of the capacity to represent the form of
objects and of space in three major epochs in the history of Western
Civilization: from Ancient to Medieval, from the Renaissance to the
Baroque, and from Impressionism to contemporary time. Chapters 3,
4, and 5 consider the hypothesis that the modes of representing the
form of objects and of space in painting follow a basic progression
toward increased differentiation, articulation, integration, and com-
plexity. While cultural development, like individual development,
does not follow a fixed, monotonic, linear sequence without variation,
reversions, or sudden surges of progress, it does proceed systemati-
cally toward developmentally more advanced levels of representation.
This is not a progression toward a fixed, predetermined, ideal goal or
telos, but a natural, unending, developmental unfolding. Such a de-
velopmental progression does not lead to any conclusion about the
importance or worth of earlier or later modes of representation. In-
stead, it simply assumes that different modes of representation occur
in different phases of the developmental sequence and that later
modes are built on earlier accomplishments and achievements. Such a
developmental progression also does not imply a commitment to a
conceptualization of a "recapitulation" across contexts or of ontogony
and phylogony. Rather, it is based only on the assumption of a "for-
mal parallelism" ( Brunswik, 1959) in the development of all cognitive
endeavors whether they occur in the culture or in individual psycho-
logical development.

Individual and cultural development of modes of representation
unfold from an initial mode based primarily on the extension of
action sequences (a sensorimotor mode), to an intuitive coordination
of a few dimensions (a preoperational-intuitive mode), to a systematic
coordination and integration of different dimensions of the manifest,
external form of objects (a concrete operational mode), to the coordi-
nation and integration of more abstract, internal form and structure

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