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3. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR COGNITIVE SEX 79
DIFFERENCES
Intelligence 81
The When, Where, Who, and How of Differences 85
Perceptual and Motor Skills 87
A Cognitive Abilities Approach 90
Memory 92
Verbal Abilities 93
Visual-Spatial Abilities 98
Quantitative Abilities 112
Relationship Between Visual-Spatial Abilities and Quantitative
Abilities 		117
Thinking About the Magnitude of the Differences 119
Cross-Cultural Comparisons 121
Underlying Cognitive Processes 123
Are Sex Differences Decreasing? 123
Similarities 128
Chapter Summary 128
4. BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES PART I: 131
GENES AND HORMONES
The Notion of Biological Determination 134
Behavioral Genetics 138
Sex Hormones 150
Chapter Summary 179
5. BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES PART II: BRAINS, 183
EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURES, AND BRAIN-BEHAVIOR
RELATIONSHIPS
A Brief Introduction to the Brain 185
Cognitive Neuroscience: Brain-Behavior Relationships 192
The Sexually Dimorphic Brain 193
Sexual Dimorphism in Hemispheric Specialization 200
Sex Differences Within Each Cerebral Hemisphere 216
Evolutionary Pressures 218
Sexual Orientation and the Brain 219
Critique of Biological Hypotheses 221
Chapter Summary 225

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Publication Information: Book Title: Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities. Contributors: Diane F. Halpern - author. Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication: Mahwah, NJ. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: viii.
    
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