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V. The Music-Analysis and Discussion 51
Melody Types (diatonic, chasmatonic, short-fined, long-lined): one- or two-step nu-
cleus; descending tetrachord; rising pentachord fanfare; hexachord; minor seventh
with tritone effect; octave (descending and ascending; zig-zag thirds); supra-octave
ladder of thirds; non-tempered intervals 		51
Rhythm: the African hemiola style; horizontal hemiola (close-paced; sectional);
vertical hemiola (instrumental, vocal, vocal-instrumental); tempo (rapid gamut) 		72
Polyphony and Form: parallelism (thirds, fourths, fifths); overlapping antiphonal and
responsorial singing (canon at fifth and at unison; elongated cadence); ostinato and
drone-ostinato; contrapuntal movement (dual- or triple-melody type; interjection-
variation type); "hanging chords"; combination of polyphonic devices; raised
"leading-tone"; litany form; rondo form; sequence or lai form; development in
melody or in overall form 		83
V. Singing Style 93
Problem of Identifying Factors Comprising a Vocal Style: structure of music; voice-
production components 		93
Physio-Acoustical Terms Defined: registration (use of the two groups of muscles,
arytenoid and thyroid, controlling the vocal cords); upper register (timbre resulting
from the functioning of the arytenoid group of muscles); lower register (timbre
resulting from the functioning of the thyroid group of muscles); isolated register
(timbre resulting from the functioning of one group of laryngeal muscles without the
other); resonance (amplification of sound in a tuned cavity, notably the pharynx) 		94
African Female Singing: combined registration with lower register predominating;
high intensities; lower pitch range; result equals typical stridency of low register
at maximum 		95
African Male Singing: combined registration with upper register predominating; high
intensities; upper pitch range; result equals typical hoarse-guttural "tenor" quality
of upper register at maximum 		96
Gutturalness: especially in men's voices; resulting from upper register at high intensity,
from pressure of neck constrictor-muscles on larynx, and from tongue hyoid-muscle
pressed towards rear of oral pharynx 		96
Resonance: non-pharyngeal; mouth resonance (in both men and women) 97
Absence of Vibrato: occasional tremolo 98
Emphatic, Outdoor, Group Style: shouting and screaming; dynamic and timbre
accents (points of excessive breathiness, gutturalness, nasality) 		98
Ornaments: not common except in Arab-style singing; different-pitched and same-
pitched grace note before the beat; "Scotch-snap"; mordent; double-mordent; note-
clusters between two tones; double grace-notes before beat 		99
Special Effects: yodelling; humming; Sprechstimme; hocket; glissando; whistling;
drum duplication of vocal melody 		99
Syllabic, Non-melismatic Style 99

-x-

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Publication Information: Book Title: The Music of Central Africa: An Ethnomusicological Study Former French Equatorial Africa, the Former Belgian Congo, Ruanda-Urundi, Uganda, Tanganyika. Contributors: Rose Brandel - author. Publisher: Martinus Nijhoff. Place of Publication: The Hague. Publication Year: 1961. Page Number: x.
    
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