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IV. FOREIGN RELATIONS: TURKS (T'U-CHÜEH) 1.

The ruling tribes in what are now known as Mongolia, Dzun-
garia, and Russian Turkistan were at this time the T'u-chüeh or
Turks. Rising to power in the middle of the sixth century and
exacting heavy tribute from the Northern Chou and Ch'i dy-
nasties, 2. they were the most formidable opponents with whom
the Chinese rulers of the later sixth and early seventh centuries
had to deal. Nevertheless, from the commencement of the Sui
dynasty, those who controlled the foreign policy of the empire
succeeded in intensifying the dissension arising among various
Turkish leaders over the right of succession. It is from this time
on (i.e., 581) that we find a definite division between the Eastern
and Western Turks. 3. The Chinese, however, were not content

____________________
1.
For this pronunciation, T'u-chüeh, of the characters see
Paul Pelliot's note in BEFEO, Vol. V ( 1905), p. 429.
2. Sui-shu, ch. 84, p. 2b and p. 4a.
3. Sui-shu, ch. 51, pp. 4a, ff. Cf. Chavannes, Tou-kiue occidentaux,
p. 260, and Stanislas Julien, "Documents historiques sur les Tou-kioue
(Turcs), extrait du Pien-i-tien, et traduits du chinois," Journal Asiat-
ique, Series 6, Vol. III ( Paris, 1864), pp. 348-361.

The Eastern T'u-chüeh are also referred to as the Northern T'u-
chüeh, or simply as the T'u-chüeh. For their history see Sui-shu, ch.
84, Chiu T'ang-shu, ch. 194A, and T'ang-shu, ch. 215A (Tr. of parts
of these in Julien, "Documents historiques sur les Tou-kioue ...",
Journal Asiatique, Series 6, Vol. III, pp. 325-367, 490-549, and Vol. IV,
pp. 200-242, 391-430, 453-477 [ Paris, 1864]. These translations need
careful checking.) Eighth century Turkish documents dealing with
Chinese intrigue against the Eastern Turks may be found in E. Denison Ross
, "The Orkhon Inscriptions. Being a Translation of Professor
Vilhelm Thomsen's final Danish rendering,"Bulletin of the School of
Oriental Studies, London Institution, Vol. V ( 1928-30), part 4 ( London,
1930). See especially pp. 862 and 864. Chinese relations with the
Eastern Turks are further discussed in Chapters V and VII-XII.

For the history of the Western T'u-chüeh, see Sui-shu, ch. 84, Chiu
T'ang-shu, ch. 194B, and T'ang-shu, ch. 215A. These and other Chinese
texts bearing on the history of the Western Turks are translated in

-33-

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Publication Information: Book Title: The Founding of the T'ang Dynasty: The Fall of Sui and Rise T'ang A Preliminary Survey. Contributors: Woodbridge Bingham - author. Publisher: Waverly Press. Place of Publication: Baltimore, MD. Publication Year: 1941. Page Number: 33.
    
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