In the course of completing this study, I have been indebt-
ed to many individuals and institutions. Professor David L. Wilson, my
dissertation advisor at Southern Illinois University, advised and
encouraged me at various stages of this book. Michael Hunt, Warren
Cohen, Odd Arne Westad, and William Stueck read the entire manu-
script more than once, and made constructive and critical comments.
As a result, their influence can be felt on virtually every page of this
book. I also wish to thank a number of friends, colleagues, and fellow
scholars who have read all or part of the manuscript and offered crit-
ical comments: Charles R. Bailey, Thomas Christensen, William
Derby, Cary Fraser, Immanuel Geiss, Sergei Goncharov, Torbjön L.
Knutsen, Helena Lepovitz, Geir Lundestad, Joe McCartin, Niu Jun,
Michael Schaller, Michael M. Sheng, David Tamarin, Marc Trachten-
berg, William Turley, Xue Litai, Kathryn Weathersby, Philip West, Allen
Whiting, Michael Winship, Marilyn Young, Zhai Qiang, and Zhang
Shuguang.

Special thanks also go to Bao Shixiu, He Di, Hu Guangzheng, Li
Haiwen, Liao Xinwen, Qi Dexue, Qu Ayang, Shi Zhe, Tao Wenzhao,
Xu Yan, Yang Kuisong, Zhang Baijia, and Zhang Xi who offered
invaluable assistance and/or advice during my four research trips to
China in 1987, 1991, 1992, and 1993.

Support from several institutions allowed me to complete my study.

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