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INDEX
Access to the media, 76, 79, 84, 103
Actual injury, required in private-person
libel, 84, 85, 95, 96
Actual malice standard: enunciated for
public-official libels, 30, 33 ; ex-
plained, 31, 32, 37, 44, 54 - 55, 56 - 57,
59, 61, 62, 64, 69, 70, 76, 84, 88 ;
extended to anything affecting offi-
cials' fitness, 36, 69 ; extended to
candidate libels, 66 ; extended to crim-
inal libel, 35 - 36 ; extended to labor
dispute discussion, 39 - 40, 88 - 89 ; ex-
tended to public figure libels, 52 - 53,
64, 66 ; extended to public issue dis-
cussion, 74 - 75 ; reconsidered, rejected
for public issue discussion, 81, 91, 94,
100 ; rejected for judicial proceedings
libels, 94 ; rejected for private-person
libels, 81 - 82. See alsoLibel; New
York Times rule; Public-official rule;
Reckless falsehood standard
"Alleged," use of, 68 - 69
American Opinion, 82
Ashton, Steve, 39
Associated Press, 49, 50
Atlantic Monthly, 96
Baer, Frank P., 40
Beauharnais, Joseph, 19
Beckley Post-Herald, 59
Belief in truth: early defense in privilege,
7, 13 - 14, 19, 25, 115 nn.32-33, 116
n.53, 118 nn.23-24; not same as
actual malice standard, 37
Black, Justice Hugo, 22, 24, 30, 43, 55,
63, 73, 76, 80, 82
Blackmun, Justice Harry, 74, 87, 95, 101
Breach of the peace, xv, 20, 38, 39
Brennan, Justice William J. Jr., 30, 36,
41, 55, 87, 95, 98
Bresler, Charles S., 63
Burger, Chief Justice Warren, 70, 74, 87,
89, 94, 102, 104
Butts, Wally, 49, 55
Calculated falsehood, 37. See alsoActual
malice srandard
Censorship, 17 - 18, 21, 22, 33
Chain libel, 18, 51, 117 n.18, 123 n.22
Chase, Justice Samuel, 3
Chicago Tribune, 10, 16
Colonial libel precedents, xv - xviii
Columbia Broadcasting System, 96
Competent evidence required, 81, 95, 96
Concord Daily Monitor, 65
Congressional immunity, 102, 103
Congressional Record, 102
Connecticut Courant, 3
Constitution: determines jurisdiction of
Supreme Court, 4 - 5 ; early interpreta-
tions, 4, 9, 14 ; prevents libel on gov-
ernment, 41 ; prevents state abridge-
ment of press freedom, 15, 17 - 19 ;
protects against liability for false, li-
belous statements, 29, 81 - 82. See also

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Publication Information: Book Title: The Supreme Court and Libel. Contributors: Clifton O. Lawhorne - author. Publisher: Southern Illinois University Press. Place of Publication: Carbondale, IL. Publication Year: 1981. Page Number: 136.
    
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