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We do not believe that the struggle toward participatory pedagogy will
be an easy one, whether it is in relation to art or to any other subject area.
But we believe that this struggle is worth the energy in the same way that
we believe the promotion of art as literacy at the close of the 20th century
is a struggle that must be heightened if we are to develop citizens for the
future who can express and interpret the world in the fullest ways pos-
sible. From the places of everyday life to digital multimedia, to the shop-
ping bags in which we pack our lunch, to the places of the past, to the art
galleries of the world, to petroglyphs and cave dwelling graphics, the vi-
sual turn ( Laspina, 1998) has been upon us for some time. We must move
forward to explore all of its possibilities.


NOTES
1 See Clark ( 1994) for additional issues related to incorporating art into themes in the classroom.
Clark also debated issues such as the advantages and disadvantages of formalism.
2 The seven thresholds of security are the following: noise -- the degree of tolerance for noise; space--
the degree of tolerance for being physically close to or distant from students; size of group -- the
degree of tolerance for working with individuals, pairs, dyads, and so on; decision making -- the de-
gree of tolerance for student decision making; teacher interests -- the degree to which a teacher is
comfortable in letting student interests guide learning; evaluation and standards -- the qualities teach-
ers look for in student engagements; and role -- the degree of explicit control the teacher exerts over
the group (Courtney, as cited in Clark, 1994).
3 Examples of such initiatives include those of Leland and Harste ( 1994) and Siegel ( 1995).
4 See for example, Berghoff ( 1995), Catterall ( 1998a). Dudley-Marling and Murphy ( 1997), Gardner
( 1991), Harste ( 1994), Leland and Harste ( 1994), Short, Harste, and Burke ( 1996), Siegel ( 1984,
1995) and Suhor ( 1984).
5 In reading research, the influence of background knowledge on the interpretation of text has been
theorized and researched by numerous scholars ( Anderson, 1985; Goodman, 1994; Johnston, 1984;
Langer, 1984; Rosenblatt, 1994).

-135-

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Publication Information: Book Title: Telling Pieces: Art as Literacy in Middle School Classes. Contributors: Peggy Albers - author, Sharon Murphy - author. Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication: Mahwah, NJ. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 135.
    
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