fascist leaders, Hitler's and Mussolini's imperialist aims, statements and
manifestos from opposition groups, especially the churches, and important
treaties that led to World War II. A bibliographical essay characterizes
some of the more recent scholarly books, reference works, and educational
films that deal with various aspects of fascism.

After experiencing Nazism and Communism at firsthand in Germany in
my early youth, I began the study of fascism in Europe years later at the
University of Minnesota as a graduate student under Harold C. Deutsch.
I learned much from him and through the teaching of undergraduates
during the past three decades in formulating my own interpretation of
fascism. In preparing this summary account of fascism in Europe, I have
relied for current scholarship on the works by Stanley G. Payne, Walter
Laqueur, Alan Cassels, John Whittam, Philip Morgan, Karl D. Bracher,
Joachim C. Fest, Jackson J. Spielvogel, Klaus P. Fischer, and the docu-
mentary compilation by Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham. Indispen-
sable reference aids were Philip V. Cannistraro, ed., Historical Dictionary
of Fascist Italy, Christian Zentner and Friedemann Bedürftig, eds., Ency-
clopedia of the Third Reich, and Robert S. Wistrich, Who's Who in Nazi
Germany.

I would like to thank the University of the Pacific for granting me a
leave from my teaching obligations to enable me to complete this book in
a timely fashion. Randall M. Miller, who invited me to contribute this
volume to the series, has been highly supportive throughout the work on
this project. He and Charles Eberline, copyeditor of Greenwood Press,
read the manuscript with a critical eye, making helpful suggestions for
changes in substance and style. Barbara A. Rader, executive editor of
Greenwood Press, has also been supportive and encouraging in many
ways. Betty C. Pessagno, production editor, was helpful in getting the book
into print. Whatever shortcomings remain are my own.

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