the Iaxartes River, Alexander used his siege engines in a completely new
way, as covering artillery. Alexander was the first genuine field artilleryman
in history.

Penetration, by itself, does not produce victory. The purpose of penetrating
the enemy disposition is to exploit the breakthrough for the larger goal of
entrapping, paralyzing, and destroying the enemy. At Gaugamela, Alexander
penetrated the Persian battle line, then turned away and fell on the interior
flank to disrupt the simultaneous Persian attack against his own flank guard.
Never lose sight of the tactical or strategic purpose of an engagement, and
that is to destroy the overall will of the enemy to resist. Tactics are a means
to this psychological end.

Define and defeat the center of gravity in the battle. Most often, the center
of gravity is the will of the enemy commander to continue the fight. On two
occasions, Issus and Gaugamela, Alexander defeated larger forces by striking
directly for Darius and forcing him from the field even though his army
remained an effective fighting force. Paralyze the will of the enemy com-
mander by shock and intensity of combat. If he reveals himself, strike directly
at him. Chop the head off the snake.

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Connolly Peter. Greece and Rome at War. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.

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Press, 1975.

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59.

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-----. "The Battle of Gaugamela: A Tactical and Source Critical Study," Ancient
World 13 ( 1986), pp. 87-116.

-----. "The Battle of the Hydaspes: A Tactical and Source Critical Study," Ancient
World 16 ( 1987), pp. 91-113.

Ferrill Arther. The Origins of War. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985.

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of Ancient Armies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Grant Michael. From Alexander to Cleopatra. New York: Scribner, 1982.

Griffith G. T. "Alexander's Generalship at Gaugamela," Journal of Hellenistic Studies
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