We now have to consider the bearing of these state-
ments on the problem of human equality. It must be as-
serted with the utmost emphasis that equality as an ethical
principle in no way depends upon the assertion that human
beings are in fact equal in endowment. Obviously individ-
uals in all ethnic groups vary greatly among themselves in
endowment. Nevertheless, the characteristics in which
human groups differ from one another are often exagger-
ated and used as a basis for questioning the validity of
equality in the ethical sense. For this purpose we have
thought it worth while to set out in a formal manner what
is at present scientifically established concerning individ-
ual and group differences.

In matters of race, the only characteristics which anthro- pologists can effectively use as a basis for classifications are physical and physiological.

16

According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental char- acteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or tempera- ment. The scientific evidence indicates that the range of mental capacities in all ethnic groups is much the same.

17

Historical and sociological studies support the view that genetic differences are not of importance in determining the social and cultural differences between different

18

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