To avoid confusion, I rarely use the term deprogramming in reference to the forcible efforts to remove individuals from cults. The term exit counseling is in my opinion, a more appropriate term for professional efforts to assist an individual in leaving a cult. I reserve the term deprogramming to mean the process whereby control over dissociated mental states is returned to the dissociated person. Forcible indoctrination by a "deprogrammer" is simply another form of programming
A number of encyclopedia-like reference works have appeared on the subject of cults. See Larson ( 1989a, 1989c), Marrs ( 1990), Martin ( 1980), Mather & Nichols ( 1993), McDowell & Stewart ( 1992).
This category may surprise some readers, but I have heard such reports from dissociative patients and from other therapists who work with this patient population. There is also a body of literature that addresses this alleged problem. The Manchurian Candidate ( Condon, 1988) is one such fictional account. In the area of nonfiction can be found Operation Mind Control ( Bowart, 1994), The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence ( Marchetti & Marks, 1974), and The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control ( Marks, 1979), which present information about the CIA's interest in mind control techniques and its allegedly dubious methods of exploring this topic. Also note past State Senator John De Camp's ( 1992) report of a government cover-up of a case in which he was involved as an attorney involving allegations of ritual abuse. In her book Lessons in Evil, Lessons from the Light, Gail Feldman reports how an investigation of her client's allegations of ritual abuse appeared to be obstructed by the FBI.
See Bowart ( 1994) Operation Mind Control, Thomas ( 1989) Journey into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse, and Weinstein ( 1990) Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control.
Modern, historical, and anthropological examples of the circumscribed use of trauma in creating and controlling dissociated mental states (programming) is reviewed by Noblitt ( 1993a) and elsewhere in this book.
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Publication Information: Book Title: Cult and Ritual Abuse: Its History, Anthropology, and Recent Discovery in Contemporary America. Contributors: James Randall Noblitt - author, Pamela Sue Perskin - author. Publisher: Praeger. Place of Publication: Westport, CT. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 220.
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