than the quantity of hot rolling steel, will define the leading economies of
tomorrow's world.

CNN News and the fax machine have done more to conquer the world
than all the tens of thousands of tanks churned out by the world's military-
industrial complexes. New alliances of all kinds are being forged.
Technologies are being researched in one country, developed in a second,
commercialized in a third, produced in a fourth, financed in a fifth, and
marketed in a sixth. In such a kinetic and interconnected environment,
creative and innovative management has grown from being interesting and
intriguing to being central and vital.

The First Conference on Creative and Innovative Management, held at
the IC2 Institute of the University of Texas at Austin in 1982, defined terms,
set an agenda, and offered some specific applications. Papers were
published in Creative and Innovative Management, edited by A. Charnes
and W. W. Cooper ( 1984).

The Second Conference on Creative and Innovative Management, held
at the Graduate School of Business of the University of Miami in 1984,
focused on the management of knowledge-based institutions--universities,
research institutes, and think tanks. Papers were published in Frontiers in
Creative and Innovative Management, edited by Robert Lawrence Kuhn
( 1986).

The Third Conference on Creative and Innovative Management, held at
the Graduate School of Industrial Administration of Carnegie Mellon
University in 1987, stressed research methodologies and techniques for the
new field interacting with actual organizational issues and cases. Papers
were published in New Directions in Creative and Innovative Management,
edited by Yuji Ijiri and Robert Lawrence Kuhn ( 1986).

The Fourth Conference on Creative and Innovative Management, held
at the Anderson Graduate School of Management at the University of
California at Los Angeles in 1990 in cooperation with the Graduate School
of Business Administration of the University of Southern California, ¹
looked at creative and innovative management in large-scale
bureaucracies--national governments, public agencies, industrial
corporations, and educational institutions. ²

In 1988, the Handbook for Creative and Innovative Managers, edited
by Robert Lawrence Kuhn, was published. Combining theoretical articles
derived from these conferences with practical examples of creativity and
innovation in action, brought new ways of thinking and doing to the
attention of the general business community.

The chapters in Generating Creativity and Innovation in Large
Bureaucracies are based on presentations made at the Fourth Conference on
Creative and Innovative Management held at UCLA in cooperation with

-xiv-