novels. Before Sunrise was rejected by Soviet critics as a "filthy, repulsive, and disgusting" exploration of Zoshchenko's personal psychological eccentricities. But from the point of view of Bakhtin's theories of genre it may be, as Tristram Shandy was for the Russian Formalists, one of the most typical novels in world literature.
Scatton presents for a reading of the Lenin stories as a non-ironic (and unsuccessful) celebration of Lenin in the Russian hagiographic tradition. Loseff, on the other hand, sees the stories as a prime example of the use of "Aesopian language" in modern Russian literature, suggesting that they are written with the same parodic skaz techniques as Zoshchenko's early satirical stories and that the varying locutions in the stories set up subversive internal dialogues (202-204).
In the commentaries (especially Note IV) Zoshchenko espouses a quasi-Freudian model of artistic creativity as arising from a sublimation of frustrated sexual energies. He does not link this model to Lidia's commitment to Communism, but the parallel is obvious. Youth Restored thus subtly suggests a sexual motivation behind political fanaticism, which resonates with Freud's suggestion of strong erotic elements in the fascination that totalitarian dictators exercise on their followers.
Mustaches, in fact, loomed large in Zoshchenko's career. There is a story that Zoshchenko's political censure in 1946 was influenced by one of the Lenin stories in which a bearded character played a negative role. Warned that this character bore too close a resemblance to Kalinin, Zoshchenko removed the beard. Unfortunately, this left the character with a mustache that inevitably linked him to Stalin.
4.
One might also compare Zoshchenko's narrator in this respect to Dostoevsky Underground Man, a link that further complicates Zoshchenko's complex figuration of the opposition between rationality and irrationality in Before Sunrise. The Underground Man supposedly attacks the tyranny of reason and apotheosizes passion and irrationality. But he is such an abject figure that he inadvertently makes points for reason as well. "Zoshchenko" is similarly abject before being "cured" by reason, but even as he apotheosizes reason he dialogically makes points on both sides of the debate.
-102-
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Publication Information: Book Title: Bakhtin, Stalin, and Modern Russian Fiction: Carnival, Dialogism, and History. Contributors: M. Keith Booker - author, Dubravka Juraga - author. Publisher: Greenwood Press. Place of Publication: Westport, CT. Publication Year: 1995. Page Number: 102.
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