in creation. The moon, too, does not receive her being
nor all her light from the sun, but so much only as
makes her more effective. So there is no reason why
the temporal should not be aided in a corresponding
measure by the spiritual authority. This difficult text
disposed of, others fall more easily: Levi and Judah,
Samuel and Saul, the incense and gold offered by the
Magi, ¹ the two swords, the power of binding and loos-
ing given to Peter. Constantine's donation was illegal.
No single Emperor nor Pope can disturb the everlast-
ing foundations of their respective thrones. The one
had no right to bestow, nor the other to receive, such
a gift. Leo the Third gave the Empire to Charles
wrongfully: "Usurpatio iuris non facit ius." It is
alleged that all things of one kind are reducible to one
individual, and so all men to the Pope. But Emperor
and Pope differ in kind, and so far as they are men,
are reducible only to God, on whom the Empire im-
mediately depends; for it existed before Peter's see,
and was recognized by Paul when he appealed to
Cæsar. The temporal power of the papacy can have
been given neither by natural law, nor divine ordi-
nance, nor universal consent: nay, it is against its
own form and essence, -- the life of Christ, who said,
"My kingdom is not of this world."

Man's nature is twofold: corruptible and incor-
ruptible. He has therefore two ends, active virtue on
earth, and the enjoyment of the sight of God here-
after; the one to be attained by practice conformed
to the precepts of philosophy, the other by the theo-

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