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Notes
1. In 1875, S & H employed 571 of the 1,157 persons working in the German elec-
trical industry; in 1895, it employed only 4,071 of 26,321. In 1900, Siemens
employed 16,350 people (including employees abroad), AEG 17,300; in 1912,
Siemens employed 75,000, AEG 61,000 people. See H. Gutenberg, Die Aktienge-
sellschaften in der Elektrizitätsindustrie (Ph.D. diss., Berlin, 1912), P. 2; 50 Jahre
AEG, privately published manuscript ( Berlin, 1956), pp. 148, 184; J. Kocka,
Unternehmensverwaltung und Angestelltenschaft am Beispiel Siemens 1847 bis 1914:
Zum Verhältnis von Kapitalismus und Bürokratie in der deutschen Industrialisierung
( Stuttgart, 1969), p. 563. AEG had at its disposal share capital of 16 million marks
in 1889 and 20 million marks in 1891, while in 1890 S & H was turned into a lim-
ited partnership with liable capital of only 14 million marks. In 1897, each had cap-
ital of 35 million marks. See F. Pinner, Emil Rathenau und das elektrische Zeitalter
( Leipzig, 1918), p. 219f.; E. Waller et al., Studien zur Finanzgeschichte des Hauses
Siemens (unpub. ms. in Werner von Siemens Institute, Munich), vol. 3, p. 121; in
addition to these works, on the history of the two companies, see G. Siemens,
Geschichte des Hauses Siemens, 3 vol. ( Munich, 1947- 1952) ( 2nd ed.: Der Weg der
Elektrotechnik. Geschichte des Hauses Siemens, 2 vol. [ Freiburg / Munich, 1961 ]); K. Helfferich
, Georg von Siemens: Ein Lebensbild aus Deutschlands großer Zeit, vol. 2
( Berlin, 1923), pp. 38-158.
2. See, above all, his debate with the "counterfactualists" among the "New Economic
Historians": E Redlich, "Potentialities and Pitfalls in Economic History," in Explo-
rations in Entrepreneurial History, 2nd series, vol. 6 ( 1968), pp. 93-108 (cited in
Redlich, Steeped in Two Cultures: A Selection of Essays [ New York, 1971 ], pp. 356-74,
esp. pp. 364-72).
3. See the convincing justification of this thought experiment in M. Weber, Kritische
Studien auf dem Gebiet der wissenschaftlichen Logik ( 1906), in M. Weber, Auf-
sätze zur Wissenschaftslehre, 3rd ed. ( Tübingen, 1968), pp. 215-90, esp. 286-87.
4. On this, see J. Kocka, Theorieprobleme der Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, in
Geschichte und Soziologie, ed. H.-U. Wehler ( Cologne / Berlin, 1972).
5. See W. Siemens to consul H. H. Meyer, 8 September 1885, in Werner Siemens: Ein
kurzgefaßtes Lebensbild nebst einer Auswahl seiner Briefe: Anläßlich d. 100. Wiederkehr
seines Geburtstages, ed. C. Matschoß, 2 half-vols. ( Berlin, 1916) (hereafter Matschoß,
Briefe), p. 856f.
6. See, Werner to Carl Siemens, 12 June 1879, in Matschoß, Briefe, p. 619f.; G. Siemens
, Geschichte, vol. 1, p. 128f.
7. See Matschoß, Briefe, Introduction, p. 10ff.
8. In 1890, low-voltage products realized sales of 4.8 million marks; high-voltage prod-
ucts, 5.2 million marks; cable, 6.5 million marks. In 1895, the figures were 4.7 mil-
lion, 17.9 million, and 8.4 million. See Waller et al., "Studien," vol. 3, p. 58. At
AEG, the low-voltage aspect played almost no role in 1890 and 1895.
9. See 50 Jahre AEG, p. 46 ff.; Helfferich, Georg von Siemens, vol. 2, p. 88f.
10. See A. Riedler, Emil Rathenau und das Werden der Großwirtschaft ( Berlin, 1916), p.
68ff.
11. See the article AEG," Plutus: Kritische Wochenschrift für Volkswirtschaft und
Finanzwesen 5 ( 1908): 334-36, esp. 336; Pinner, Emil Rathenau, p. 71 ff.; and sug-
gested in Helfferich, Georg von Siemens, vol. 2, p. 48; 50 Jahre AEG, p. 20f.
12. On the principle of this light, see G. Siemens, Geschichte, vol. 1, p. 124f. On
Siemens' plans, see his letters to director A.L. Flory on 5 December 1877, to his
brother Wilhelm on 5 November 1878, to v. Kunwald on 23 November 1878, and
to Carl Siemens on 28 December 1879, in Matschoß, Briefe, pp. 548f., 582, 587,
593ff. In November 1878, Siemens spoke of a "truly terrible electric lighting
uproar" and of a raging "invention hunt" for lights. See ibid., pp. 586, 590.

-65-

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Publication Information: Book Title: Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society: Business, Labor, and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany, 1800-1918. Contributors: Jürgen Kocka - author. Publisher: Berghahn Books. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1999. Page Number: 65.
    
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