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Notes
1. The functions of the entrepreneur include fundamental ("strategic") decisions about
company objectives, the company's position in the marketplace and its relations
with its economic and social milieu. Such decisions include those on the mobiliza-
tion and combination of the factors of production, especially decisions on invest-
ments, allocation of resources, and hiring of new management staff. Cf. A. D. Chandler
and F. Redlich, "Recent Developments in American Business Adminis-
tration and their Conceptualization," Business History Review 35 ( 1961): 1-27 (esp.
24ff).
2. The entrepreneur's authority includes an ability to have orders and decisions followed
by those employed, even in the face of divergent interests and opposition.
3. N. Reich, "Die Entwicklung des deutschen Aktienrechtes im neunzehnten
Jahrhundert," Ius commune ( 1969): 239-76.
4. See H. Böhme, "Emil Kirdorf," Tradition 13 ( 1968): 284ff and ibid. 14 ( 1969): 290
ff; J. Kocka, "Industrielles Management: Konzeptionen und Modelle in Deutsch-
land vor 1914," Vierteljahrschrift f ür Sozial- und Wirtscbaftsgescbichte 56 ( 1969):
341 ff.
5. Much evidence in F. Kuh, Der selbstständige Unternehmer ( Berlin, 1918). Cf. the
articles on "Unternehmer" and "Manager" by F. Redlich and E. Salin, Handwörter-
buch der Sozialwissenschaften, vols. 7 and 10 ( T übingen/Göttingen, 1959- 1961).
6. See G. Schmoller, "Wesen und Verfassung der grossen Unternehmungen", in: idem,
Zur Social- und Gewerbepolitik der Gegenwart ( Leipzig, 1890), pp. 388-94. A criti-
cal study of certain attitudes toward salaried entrepreneurs is available in H. Pross,
Manager und Aktionäre in Deutschland ( Frankfurt, 1965), pp. 12-14. For a discus-
sion of the clash between Marxist class theory and the growing gap between owner-
ship and control, see R. Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society
( Stanford, 1959), chaps. I and 4.
7. See W Rathenau, Von kommenden Dingen ( Berlin, 1918), p. 140ff; W. Rathenau,
Reflexionen ( Leipzig, 1912), p. 81ff; W von Moellendorff, Deutsche Gemein-
wirtschaft ( Berlin, 1916).
8. Statistik des deutschen Reichs ( 1907), vol. 214, tab. 12; Statistiscbes Jahrbuch f ür das
deutsche Reich ( 1908), vol. 29, pp. 326-27, and ( 1910) vol. 31, p. 345.
9. I mean salaried entrepreneurs with functions as heads of companies as defined in
Note 1, above.
10. This calculation is based on the assumption that each company consisted of two units
in the case of joint-stock companies and 1.1 units in the case of privately owned com-
panies, per average. For additional figures, see W. Sombart, Der moderne Kapitalismus,
vol. 3 ( Munich, 1927), p. 213ff; R. Passow, Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung und Organ-
isation der Aktiengesellschaften ( Jena, 1907), pp. 7-12; Statistisches Bundesamt, ed.,
Bevölkerung und Wirtschaft, 1872-1972 ( Stuttgart/Mainz, 1972), p. 172ff.
11. See also the concept "entrepreneurial enterprise," denoting an intermediary stage of
company development, between "personal" and "managerial enterprise," in A. D. Chandler
and H. Daems, "Introduction," in The Rise of Managerial Capitalism, ed.
H. Daems and H. Van der Wee ( The Hague, 1974), p. 6; the development of
Siemens is discussed in J. Kocka, Unternehmensverwaltung und Angestelltenschaft am
Beispiel Siemens, 1847-1914 ( Stuttgart, 1969), ch. 3.
12. See J. Kocka, Unternehmer in der deutschen Industrialisierung ( Göttingen, 1975),
p. 54.
13. See chapter 3 above.
14. This mechanism worked only under certain conditions, however: 1) considerable
capital investment in the companies concerned that prevented quick transfers to
other markets and required the total and regular exploitation of production facili-

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Publication Information: Book Title: Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society: Business, Labor, and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany, 1800-1918. Contributors: Jürgen Kocka - author. Publisher: Berghahn Books. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1999. Page Number: 153.
    
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