Translated from the German by Jeremiah Riemer

When speaking of nineteenth century Germany, most German-lan-
guage historians are likely to agree on which occupational and
social groups should be counted as part of the Bürgertum (conveniently
translated as "middle class" and sometimes as "bourgeoisie") and which
should not -- apart from a few (albeit sizeable) intermediary and mar-
ginal groups whose classification is unclear and subject to change. Not
counted among the Bürgertum are the nobility, peasants, workers, and
the lower strata altogether. Always counted among the Bürgertum are
merchants, manufacturers and bankers, owners of capital, and entrepre-
neurs and their top management -- in other words, the Wirtschaftsbürg-
ertum, the economic middle class, some would say: the bourgeoisie in
the true sense of the word. We also include among the Bürgertum, as a
rule, physicians, lawyers, and other independent professionals, sec-
ondary-school teachers and professors, judges and higher civil servants,
as well as natural scientists, engineering graduates, and others sorts of

Notes for this section begin on page 204.

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