hides. The equipment and personnel consisted further of a
few wooden forms, iron lasts, needles, sewing-thread, knives and
the shoemaker and his helper. As time went on machines were
built for every separate operation in the making of a shoe,
so that now the article is hardly touched by hand. The human
being cannot develop new hands, muscles, glands and fingers to
keep pace with civilization, but each new demand made upon him
should find him still plastic and still capable of forming the
habits necessary to enable him to meet it.

In the following chapter, as has been mentioned, we shall
consider the formation and retention of both explicit and implicit
language habits and the memory of these. It should be stated in
advance that this separation is made purely in the interests of
ease and clearness of presentation. The explicit and implicit
language habits are formed along with the explicit bodily habits
and are bound up with them and become a part of every total
unitary action system that the human organism forms. They
are present in the simplest types of adjustment that he makes,
but it is obvious that if we desire to make a separation for
purposes of presentation we can easily do so. We can see the
functioning of language habits only slightly in certain activities,
as, for example, in swimming, tapping on the table with
a pencil, while in certain other types they form an integral
part and seem to be as important as arm and hand movement,
for example, in typewriting, sending and receiving telegraphic
messages. Finally in certain other functions explicit activity
seems to drop out almost entirely, as, for example, in subvocal
arithmetic. There the explicit factors show only as excess move-
ments such as wrinkling the brow, closing the eyes and rubbing
the forehead, until the final link in the chain is reached and the
answer is written down with the hand. This type of implicit
(largely word) adjustment culminates in thinking, where an
individual may sit for hours with practically no overt move-
ment, finally announcing, "I have decided to give up university
work and enter commercial life."

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